Multiple threaded callback interrupts in Python We’ve been learning about interrupts this week because of the brand new interrupt capabilities of RPi.GPIO. We covered a, and today we’re getting sophisticated with multiple threaded callbacks. “WoooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOooooooooooo”, I hear you say.;) Well actually, we’re not doing much that’s very different from last time, except, now there’s more of it. We’ll add another button and another threaded callback function the same as the first one (but on a different GPIO port). This is just to show that you can do multiple threaded callbacks in one program. / Programming in C/C++ / UART Serial Port / Using the UART. Set to 115200-8-N-1 use the command line interface to the Raspberry Pi in the same way as if you we're. Boot Log (Raspberry Pi). Boot Log (Raspberry Pi 2). Boot Log (Raspberry Pi 3). How to flash OpenWrt to an SD card. Frame buffer device 82x26 [ 1.243767] bcm2708-dmaengine bcm2708-dmaengine: Load BCM2835 DMA engine driver [ 1.252846] uart-pl011 dev:f1: no. After that, your imagination is the limit. (Well actually the number of GPIO ports is probably the limit.) We’re just building on what we did before and this is exactly how programs are made. You do a bit at a time, test it, fix it, make sure it does what it ought to do, then go on to the next bit. Here’s the Circuit This circuit is a bit different from the previous one. The top two buttons connect port 17 and port 23 to GND when pressed. These are the two which trigger callbacks. The bottom button, connecting port 24 to 3V3 on button press is the “wait for” interrupt this time. So when you press button 3 it’s “game over”, but buttons 1 and 2 just report that they’ve been pressed until button 3 is eventually pressed. Circuit for 2 threaded callbacks and one wait interrupt We’ve used all the same building blocks we developed in parts 1 and 2, including button debouncing. Do you need to update RPi.GPIO? If you didn’t do it for the first or second examples, you will quite likely need to update your RPi.GPIO package. You can check what version of RPi.GPIO you have in the command line with sudo python import RPi.GPIO as GPIO GPIO.VERSION This should show you what RPi.GPIO version you have. You need 0.5.1a or higher for this example. You can exit the python environment with CTRL+D Install RPi.GPIO version 0.5.2a for multiple threaded callback interrupts If you need to, you can install 0.5.2a or later with sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade (This will update all your Raspbian packages and may take up to an hour) Update July 2014 The best way to get the latest RPi.GPIO (currently 0.5.5) is to flash a new SD card with the latest NOOBS or Raspbian. This will give you a clean start with the latest version of RPi.GPIO. And now onto the code I’ve put most of the explanations in the code, so that if you use it, you will still have them. #!/usr/bin/env python2.7 # script by Alex Eames # import RPi.GPIO as GPIO GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) # GPIO 23 & 17 set up as inputs, pulled up to avoid false detection. # Both ports are wired to connect to GND on button press. Thank you so much! I started fooling arround with the Raspberry Pi not long ago and that made me start learning Python. Your articles about interrupts were essencial. I made a little Python script that lights up a Green LED when I get new mail and a RED one when the temperature forecast to my city gets lower than 5ºC. But the forecast site free API only gives a limited number of updates a day. Because of that the temperature as well as the email are updated every 3 minutes. However, after reading this, I setted up a button that refreshes the e-mail status by pressing it using the callbacks. The next step will be making this information avaliable in a 16×2 LCD. (following one more of your posts:-D ). Mind sharing the details regarding your pin choices then, or should I stay tuned for a future tutorial:) As well, do we need to manually clear these interrupts under any circumstances, or is there a method to clear them that you are aware of? I ask because I am not sure if that may be my problem. I have written the attached code to allow an rotary incremental encoder (outputs 2 bit grey code changing with a change in angle) to control which stream in my mpd playlist is active, and the call backs are only triggered up until the if statement in the body of the while loop at the bottom is processed for the first time. If I cut the 2 If statements at the bottom and paste them into the call backs it works well. I’m afraid it’s a known bug. Ben wrote to me about this at the weekend. 0.5.2a (a stands for alpha) has changed such that the callback functions will require channel number. Just add the channel number in your callback function definition and all should be good. I am going to fix the example code as soon as 0.5.2a goes into the Raspbian repo. So if you define a function for channel 25 it should look like this def callback_25(25): I haven’t changed it yet because it will break the example for the previous versions. Updated both this page and the previous examples and downloads to reflect the changes in RPi.GPIO from version 0.5.2a Basically you HAVE to include (channel) in your callback function definitions. Not channel number, but the variable called channel I didn’t want to do it until 0.5.2a was in the repo as it breaks the examples for previous version 0.5.1a. If you try to run the code from the old example (or the one in part 2) using 0.5.2, you will get this error when your callback function is called TypeError: my_callback() takes no arguments (1 given). Has anyone done any speed testing on this? I’ve been trying to work out whether I could turn a RPi into an ECU for my rather old car (bonkers I know). The stumbling block has been how to measure engine revs reasonably accurately. Getting one pulse per rev is pretty easy. Trigger an interrupt each time and log the timestamp. Subtract last timestamp from this timestamp and we have the time taken for 1 revolution but at 5000 RPM the pulses are arriving at 12 millisecond intervals. Am I being completely stupid or could Python on the Pi be fast enough? I had the same problem. I wanted to use this with two door sensors to detect if a chicken coop door is fully closed, fully open, or somewhere in between. For each sensor, I’d be able to tell if the door was arriving at that location or departing that location by the rising or falling edge. I tried your workaround trigger the function on GPIO.BOTH and then do an if/else test in the callback function to see if the door was at that location (if it was, it had just arrived, if it was not, it had just left). Thanks for the tip! And thanks for the tutorials I would not have gotten this working otherwise. In your example about how to check the RPi.GPIO version, you show exiting with a ^Z. That puts the python task into the backround, without stopping it. Root@mypi3:~/bin# python Python 2.7.3 (default, Jan 13 2013, 11:20:46) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information. >>> import RPi.GPIO as GPIO >>> GPIO.VERSION ‘0.5.3a’ >>> (typed a ^Z) [1]+ Stopped python Checking the backround jobs: root@mypi3:~/bin# bg [1]+ python & Bringing python back to the foreground: root@mypi3:~/bin# fg 1 python >>> Really exit and stop python >>> exit() This will avoid having extra python jobs running in the backround. Hi, thank you for your great tutorial. It helped me a lot. I am trying to create a project for a museum: pi to stream video to a screen. We must select a movie from a console with 8 pushbuttons. The console is connected to the GPIO port 4 and 18 for testing, but my script does not quite work. Thank you for your reply. The buttons are wired to ground. I’ll test your ideas and give you the results. Here is the latest version of the program based on RPIO. After much testing, rather it seems to work. 8 GPIO inputs are each connected to a push button. At rest, the polarity is +3.3 v PI through resistance 10Kohms. When pushing the pin is grounded. Dear Alex Many thanks for your excellent tutorials. It is generous of you to devote so much time to helping others. I have been following your interrupt tutorials to help me detect rainfall using a tilting bucket rain gauge, and can print a message to screen saying “rain event detected”. I am however, unable, to return a value to accumulate total rainfall. I am sure that this is a very naive question, as I have yet to really get to grips with Python, but any help would be much appreciated. Best wishes Harry. Hi Alex I am using a spare Maplin rain gauge, which is a tilting bucket device that see-saws whenever 0.3 mm rain has fallen, when a small attached magnet briefly operates a reed switch. I have connected to the switch GPIO7, which is normally pulled high but earths briefly whenever the bucket tilts. This is all part of a weather-data-logger-RPi setup, still in bread-board phase. So, at the same time as rain, I am recording various temperatures and insolation. The program reads the sensors every 60 sec and determines means over a period defined by the raw-input value named; I generally choose 15 min. Attached is a bit of the (probably badly written) program, with much irrelevant stuff deleted but its position indicated by comments. At the moment the function works and prints a message, so all is OK there. But, what I really want to do is add a command like: raintotal=raintotal+0.3 whenever the bucket tilts and print to to file after every averaging period of length. Any help you can give will be greatly appreciated. Hi Alex, when I say my code I mean my script and in it has the line add_event_detect module(). I agree, in principle, but the improvements in Raspbian have been so great, it is worth updating frequently. There’s a thread in the Python section of the Raspberry Pi forums where your exact issue with old versions has been discussed before and Ben Croston showed how to get rid of it. You could try looking there. I don’t know exactly what the thread is called, but I saw it the other day. Have a look and see if you can find it, if you don’t want to update your OS.:). Pasting command here for future reference sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/RPi.GPIO-0.1.0* obviously need to change it for the appropriate version number:). Hello I require some assistance:D The tutorial was great and I learned a lot, but my code does not want to work. Here is the code: ###### import RPi.GPIO as gpio pulse = 0 def turnEvent(): pulse = pulse + 1 print(str(pulse)) def main(): gpio.setmode(gpio.BCM) gpio.setup(23, gpio.IN) gpio.add_event_detect(23, gpio.BOTH) gpio.add_event_callback(23, turnEvent, 100) ###### The error is: gpio.add_event_detect(23, gpio.BOTH) RuntimeError: Edge detection already enabled for this GPIO channel. All I want it to do is display a count for how many turns the rotary encoder goes through. I’m just keeping track of the distance of my motors. I will appreciate any help!! Hi, I need to add an event you want to detect the corresponding GPIO pin RXD of UART raspberry. The problem is that if I set the expectation of an event on the pins thereof, for each character received in the serial buffer will cause a call to the callback. Instead I want to make sure that once you start a sequence of characters, no longer detects the break even until it is over the sequence of characters that interest me. Maybe until I finish a readline from serial. And ‘ possible to do such a thing? I had thought about doing a callback when any front was detected on RXD remove_event_detect made on RXD and then started with the readline, only once did remove_event_detect readline does not work anymore. Any suggestions? Thanks again for the help, say virtually connect RXD as well as the device with which it must communicate to the pin 25, so that I can set the GPIO 25 as input and put the event on that detect GPIO, and maybe nell’handler disable it until you ‘ve finished reading it? Sorry if it annoys, but it is a problem that I carry on for a few days and wanted to be precise. Basically I should do Import RPi.GPIO as GPIO subsequently GPIO.setmode ( GPIO.BOARD ) GPIO.setup (25, GPIO.IN ) GPIO.add_event_detect (25, GPIO.RISING, handler ) and nell’handler GPIO.remove_event_detect ( 25 ) # Other operations # And the end GPIO.add_event_detect ( 25. Hi Alex, Let me say thx for the useful posts at first. Anyway I had an idea to detect GPIO state changes even if the port is an output. Unfortunately the RPIO module drops an error, if I “miss” to setup the channel as an input My plan is to have a python based Server Side Event source, so if my Web-based controller is opened in more than one browser, all the clients will alerted if a GPIO output is changed. In Your opinion, is it possible to do it only with software, or maybe I will have to connect parallel all my used outputs to an other GPIO input? That would be a solution, but it would be nice not to use twice more ports Thx everyone in advance. Hi I note that the Adafruit LCD plate uses the mcp23017 i2c bus expander chip which has on-chip interrupts. If you have a look at the code posted by AB Electronics on Github for their IOPi add-on you will see that they use the same chip(s) and have already developed the code you need. I modified this code to use a mcp2008 (same chip family but 8 i/o instead of 16) for the push-button inputs in my project, then made a simple wired connection (via a safety series resistor just in case the GPIO pin inadvertently became an output) between the INT output pin of the mcp2008 chip to a Pi GPIO pin. Then you CAN use the RPi.GPIO code explained on this web site to register the interrupt and respond accordingly – very many thanks for that Alex, I could not have solved my problem as to how to do this without your excellent tutorials (I am a Raspbian novice!). One important word of warning: The mcp2008 chip in my setup runs at 3.3v same as the Pi so no interface problems. I recollect that the mcp23017 is designed to run on 5v please check this out for the LCD Plate. If so you will need to ensure that you do not apply the full 5volts to a Pi GPIO input pin as this would likely cause damage to the Pi. You will need to buffer this, although a simple resistor divider might do it you could also have a look at the circuit of the AB module to see how they did it (more complex). I have had this set up working for several months now whilst continuing to developing other code for my project (I am using a Custard Pi 7 development board with a 4 line LCD plus RTC module to completely replace a swimming pool salt chlorination control unit which also requires analogue inputs). I hope you find this useful. Hi Alex Very pleased to see this article on Interrupts and all the discussion as I have recently bought a Raspberry Pi for a specific project, however some comments here and from other sources possibly indicate the Pi may not be the ideal solution and I should have instead gone for an Arduino. So I would welcome your views and those of anyone else who may be able to advise. Currently I have a vintage 286 pc running a computer controlled Scalextric system. This provides the means for a person to race against a car controlled by the pc; these are now called pace car systems and commercially available. So the car being controlled by the pc (pace car) is constantly monitored and its speed varied as required, while the challenger car is just lap counted. To achieve this I used Interrupts on the pc because it is vital that no signals are lost/missed. The pace car trips 29 sensors within the time of about 6 seconds per lap, the challenger car just one sensor per lap. Inevitably there are occasions when both the pace car and challenger car hit sensors at the same time, however as I understand it the arrangement within the 286 processor is that when one or more interrupts occur these are handled in order of priority and so the pace car is interrupt 3 and the challenger car is 4. The system works faultlessly, however one day the 286 pc is going to die and so I am looking for a modern replacement. With the huge improvement’s in technology since the days of 286 pc’s I would be surprised if the Pi is not up to the job, however that is the essence of my question; can the Pi provide me with two Interrupts that may be operated simultaneously without missing any events. This I imagine is going to come down to how the processor manages Interrupts’; do they latch until cleared and is there any internal order of priority? I would very much welcome your input; should I have bought an Arduino? If you would like to see a brief introduction and demonstration of the current system, have a look here. Hello, thanks for this great post. I’ve been trying to make your sample code work for many hours, but nothing ever happens. I run the following code with sudo python button.py, and I’ve simplified the code to this: import RPi.GPIO as GPIO GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(0, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP) GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_DOWN) def my_callback(channel): print 'falling edge detected on 0' GPIO.add_event_detect(0, GPIO.FALLING, callback=my_callback) try: print 'Waiting for rising edge on port 24' GPIO.wait_for_edge(24, GPIO.RISING) print 'Rising edge detected on port 24. Here endeth the third lesson.' Except KeyboardInterrupt: GPIO.cleanup() # clean up GPIO on CTRL+C exit GPIO.cleanup() # clean up GPIO on normal exit My python version iz 2.7.3, my gpio version is 0.5.11. I’ve updated my packages with apt-get update and apt-get upgrade, I’ve checked every function on the documentation website to make sure they’re correct. There are no compile or run errors. I have a wire running from gpio 0 set to IN and UP, and I put this wire into the ground pin on the pi. I’ve checked with a different SSH session that the readout really does change from 1 to 0, yet nothing prints. Same deal with gpio 24 and sticking the wire in the 3,3 or 5V pins on the pi. I’ve spent many hours trying to debug this, but it’s such a simple program I don’t know what to do. I’m just gonna stick with polling for my project. Somehow, somewhere I finally realized that I was using the wrong numbering scheme. I finally linked the letters “BCM” from gpio readall shell command to the bloody GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) line of code. Of course, I have thought of numbering schemes before, I just never used anything other than physical and wiringpi before. Get this: a minute after figuring out my mistake, my pi somehow broke down. I can’t ssh through my wireless module, yet the module works on windows. I need to connect through the wired connection. Someone does not want me to finish my project. Dear Alex and readers, I have learned a ton from your post, but now I really need help. Thanks to you I have built my first python program, but it’s behaving very strangely. Long story short: threaded callback method somehow kills main method, and the program ends. The problem is 1 completely simple and CORRECTLY executed time.strft() command. It might be that many people reading your post will also stumble upon this same problem and get discouraged. Do you have any idea why this might be happening? I described the program here. Thanks Andrew and Alex. I am trying to design a custom keyboard using the Raspberry Pi as the controller. I need 55 buttons so was trying to work out a way of using an 5×11 x/y type matrix of inputs, where a combination of two input pins would represent each button. I was hoping to be able to get the rapsberry pi to then interrupt when a single button is pushed, discriminating between each button by the different combination of input pins, i.e. The pin at the top left would be represented by two inputs X1 and Y1, the next button along by X1 and Y2. As such using the series switch approach would not give me the level of discrimination required to distinguish between 55 buttons. Another thought I have had would be to have a callback/interrupt for each of the 11 y-axis inputs, and then have the callback poll each of the 5 x-axis inputs to identify the associated input pin that has been activated and therefore which of the 55 buttons has been pressed. Do you think is approach would be effective? Many thanks again for your help, I really appreciate it. Keyboard matrices don’t work the way they think you do – in your example of joining together input pins X1 and Y1, neither pin would get an interrupt, as both pins are operating in input mode, and so there’s nothing driving them high or low. AFAIK keyboard matrices always work by actively driving each row high (or low) one at a time, and seeing which columns then also get pulled high (or low) at the same time. Should find you some useful background info, which you could always adapt to work with the RaspIODuino if the GPIOs on the Pi aren’t fast enough to handle keypresses as rapidly as you’d like. Hello, fantastic explanation but I have a problem with my project, I have a little python script to read my gas meter. Every revolution of digits a small magnet inside the gas meter close to the reed switch makes an input for my raspberry. The problem is when the magnet stops close to the sensor circuit leaving on a high level, which cause false inputs, here my script. Any suggestion? I think you may be overcomplicating things? For such a relatively simple program I’m not sure if I’d bother with setting up an FSM (unless I’ve misunderstood your requirements). And I think it’d be much simpler to just have everything in the one Python file, rather than trying to have a “master program” which makes external calls to separate “sub programs”. And you may find it easier to use more sensible variable names, e.g. Replace “A = 11 #Relay 1 – System Power” with “relay_system_power = 11”. I also see you’ve got “input_value1 = GPIO.input(C)” which doesn’t really make sense, when you’ve earlier done “GPIO.setup(C,GPIO.OUT)”. As with any programming problem, I suggest starting small and working your way up, rather than trying to dive in at the deep end;-) Alex has a great set of tutorials at and you may be able to get more detailed help at Best of luck! Hello Andrew, Thank you for the awesome feedback. Yes, the GPIO.input(C) was a mistake, Has been corrected now.:) I still can’t figure out how to achieve this logic in a relatively simple program. Is there a way to check 3 if conditions in one while loop? Thanks for this tutorial, I’ve use it as a model into making my own program to count pulses,switch off(soft off using os.system(sudo shutdown etc)) and copying files, now my problems start when I use crone to start it up at booting it does start BUT it doesn’t recognize my second and third interrupt, meaning it runs at booting up but it only counts pulses, pressing the other buttons to switch off or copy files don’t work. But and here is where it gets weird if I use The command line writing sudo python mypath/myscript.py works like a charm.I tried using another script to write sudo python etc but it doesn’t work I mean it calls the other script it works but the second and third interrupt don’t work. Do you have any clue as why? Could you try your script and see if you get the same problem. Thanks in advance!! I’ve got no idea if it has anything to do with your problem or not, but just out of curiosity how come you’re using: os.system(“echo $(sudo shutdown -h now)”) rather than: os.system(“/sbin/shutdown -h now”)? A) the “echo” isn’t necessary b) scripts run from cron are already running as root, so the “sudo” isn’t necessary c) using absolute paths rather than relative paths can’t hurt;-) provides another method of running scripts at bootup, if you fancy doing some experimentation to see if that makes any difference? Thanks for you prompt response. Well, a lot of reading last night shows that a lot of people are having these problemsand a lot actually seem to misunderstand some of the basics. You press a button and you will get MANY high/low transitions as the contacts ‘make’. You will release the button and the same. These can actually be quite complex waveforms not nice straight 1 to 0 or 0 to one transitions. And the way various inputs to our GPIO are actually configured, (I mean the hardware), then very strange things can take place. (See later reference). But all that said, there does seem to be some bug somewhere in our system. This bit of code is an exercise to show how callback works. (usual set up stuff) Def printFunction(channel): print (“Button one pressed”) GPIO.add_event_detect (23, GPIO.RISING, callback=printFunction,debounce = 300) while True: GPIO.wait_for_edge (24, GPIO.FALLING) print (“Button two pressed”) GPIO.wait_for_edge(24, GPIO.RISING) print (“Button two released”) GPIO.cleanup() So what’s odd is that the while True loop behaves perfectly. Sits waiting until I press button twoand prints what is should. Then goes on to wait until I release the button and prints what it should. This works fine. But if I press button oneand activate the ‘interupt’off it goes and prints “Button one pressed”but not infrequently when I release the button, it activates the interrupt againand prints “Button one pressed”. Now a bit of thought and this is perhaps not surprising. When I release button one I am going to produce all sorts of bounceincluding some rising edgesso it will trigger. So I guessed the debounce was only implemented at the start, on the rising event, and not at the end. (Who can you ask if this is indeed the case?) I hoped that using ‘BOTH’ maybe would implement the debounce at both endsbut it makes no difference. Sowe are stuck, (and so are a good many other people it seems). BUT(as I said I am a real noobie so this may be a daft question)why does the ‘while’ loop work perfectly? I press button twowhich will give many bouncesbut it only prints out “Button two pressed” once. I would have expected the bounces to trigger next ‘wait for edge’but it NEVER does. Likewise when I release the button, I would expect the loop starts again in microseconds, but I never get a false trigger on the first line of the loop. So why does that work perfectly. So we are going to have to implement some good hardware debouncingand it seem the nice simple RC circuits are not the answer. Take a look here for a very readable article on bounce. And, many thanks for your work hereI’m betting you have helped many 1000’s of beginners like meand some not so beginners too! Hi I posted back in February 2015 about using an Ic2 expander (e.g. MCP23008) for real world interfacing to my led outputs and pushbutton inputs. I had to use the expander because of limited i/o ports on the Pi for my project. Because the chip has onboard readable and resettable registers giving more control within the code to overcome spurious input level changes I have not had any of the problems being experienced here. As previously indicated I then just use one Pi input for the interrupt output from the expander so no ‘waveform’ problems (chip to chip logic). I acknowledge that this is only a workaround suitable for low frequency (i.e. Not suitable for say quad encoder inputs) work/projects, as it does not deal with the root cause of the problem being experienced. Since my original post I did develop another problem though. I needed to make frequent calls to read ‘real time’ for time of day on off switching, some of the switching times being dynamically set within the code (pool programmer for pump and chlorine cell management/control ). I had the choice of using my rtc module or the Pi system clock. However, I found that if I made system (OS) calls instead of Python code using Date/Time those OS calls crashed the multiple threaded callback function. The interrupt line input to the Pi ceased to work but otherwise everything else ran normally. I now just make one OS call to sync Pi time with rtc time at boot, then run the threaded callback code (I had to disable the Pi boot time auto sync to rtc feature to make this work as well). Again, not a fix as such just a work around, wonder if anyone else has experienced similar problems. Regards (noobie) Philip. BUT(as I said I am a real noobie so this may be a daft question)why does the ‘while’ loop work perfectly? I press button twowhich will give many bouncesbut it only prints out “Button two pressed” once. I would have expected the bounces to trigger next ‘wait for edge’but it NEVER does. Likewise when I release the button, I would expect the loop starts again in microseconds, but I never get a false trigger on the first line of the loop. So why does that work perfectly. I’ve not experimented with this myself, but is it possible that your physical button two is less “bouncy” than the other button? Swapping over the port numbers between buttons one and two will obviously allow you to test that. And this is just a random guess, but I wonder if the “print” could be adding enough of a delay to avoid the multiple triggers? (I’d doubt it though, the Pi isn’t that slow!) As I already suggested, this may be a complex enough problem that it’s worth asking the author of the RPi.GPIO library for help by creating a bug report. Hi Nick I’m on Thai time! Being an old hack from TTL logic and discrete transistor days I tend to prefer pull up resistors on the Pi inputs and operate switches and PB’s to connect inputs to ground. You would then of course use the ‘falling’ event detection. To comment on your earlier question internal versus external resistors: The Pi GPIO internal resistors are somewhere around 50K to 100K which is OK for very short connecting wires but I would not recommend for most applications as spurious (real world) interference could easily cause indeterminate results. Even the interference from a cheap Chinese SMPS nearby would do it! In order to protect the Pi and reduce the likelihood of interference I use the following external resistor values: From a Pi GPIO input to 3.3v rail around 8K to 10K pull up resistor, from the input pin to the grounding push-button or switch a 1k resistor (i.e. In series with the switch/PB). The 1K resistor is to avoid damage to the Pi in the event you inadvertently set the pin to output instead of input. I also recommend a 0.1uF capacitor be placed from the input pin to the 3.3v rail. The cap and resistors should be mounted as close as possible to the Pi input pin. I am pretty sure I have tested all operating modes (both, falling, rising) and not had the problem you are experiencing. Hope this helps Regards Philip. I have been following this correspondence with great interest since Alex et al. Helped me with a similar problem 2 years ago (item 19 above). I wanted to measure rainfall using a tilting bucket rain-gauge in which a reed switch is briefly closed by a magnet every 0.3 mm of rain. My programming problem was rapidly solved, for which I was very grateful. One problem remained, however: I kept picking up non-rain events, which I suspect was interference, as it would happen when I switched on the lights or bits of kit nearby. After a lot of unsuccessful fiddling with shielding and software and hardware debouncing, I resorted to 1970s technology. I used a 555 timer to debounce and a 4024 ripple counter to accumulate up to 15 events, which I could read by the GPIO pins. This was one of my first forays into electronics, and has worked successfully for 2 years. The disadvantage is that I’m using 5 GPIO pins – 4 inputs for the 4 bites and 1 output to reset the chip, but as they were spare this was no problem. I thought I ought to put this on record in case it’s of interest to anyone else. So I simplifed this right down to one button connected directly to the 3.3v pin and GPIO21 (pin 40) with a pull down resistor (4k8). (I did not connect ‘button 2’ at all). Used very short wiresno ribbon cabledirect to the pins on the Pi. Hi Nick More thoughts based on your latest test which suggests there is nothing wrong with the Pi or your test code. I note you have set the internal pull down resister during initialisaing input 24 so presume you are aware that there is no default as far as I am aware. If for some reason a input pin is open circuit the resultant logic level is indeterminate and will cause all sorts of spurious results. For this reason I always initialize my inputs with either internal pull up or down resistors, this helps if there is a need during testing to disconnect external connections. I suggest therefore that you add a ‘pull-down’ to the pin 21 initialize line in your test code (to match your external pull-down resistor). I presume your pull down resistor is connected to ground! Then try your test again with your PB, 4k8 resistor and very short connections to the Pi. I suspect that there is a poor or non-existent connection or the resistor is faulty. Have you checked the resistor to be sure it is ok (not 4M8??). Sorry if I am covering very obvious and basic stuff but that is sometimes what we miss. Regards Philip. Yes.I am holding the button down for longer than 400ms. In fact the longer I hold it down for, the more often the false trigger occurs when I release. I do not have a capacitor across the switch. But recall, even when I used the Schmitt Trigger, I got the same results. (But will pick up some more cap’s tomorrow anyway). (Also I have tried all values of debouncce from zero to 1000). (Also note with my function generator, I had no debounce set, but also added some to make sure it was not the debounce ‘function’ causing the issue). Phillip I used 4k8 (measured to check I have not got my colour coding mixed up!) from pin 40 (GPIO21) to pin 34, the nearest ground. (I actually soldered it onto the wire I had on pin 40, just above the connector). Are you suggesting that I should also the internal resistor? (I guess this may be good general practice in case an external resistor comes loose). Please do state the obvious because as you say, it is often that which causes the issues. I’m going to go out tomorrow and buy some ‘better’ switches. Then I will try and ‘scope’ the actual switchingand rebuild the Schmitt Trigger. (Can’t believe that did not work). Sadly my scope is a 20 year old very basic machine and it’s hard to see single events.not like the super ‘storage’ scopes of todayoh to be young! Hi Nick Yes that it what I suggest as (my) best practice, always set internal pull-up/down in addition to your external resistor. Just in case you have not done what you think you have done externally (connections wise) the internal resistor will generally ensure you have a proper logic level and if it now works will give you a clue where else to look. As I previously noted the internal resistors are of such a high value as to be insignificant when considering the parallel effect with your 4K8 with regards to the maximum input current specified for the Pi. Regards Philip. Hi Alex I’m not sure if the statement you made is strictly correct, but my comment is based on how I think the interrupt related code should work rather than maybe how it has been designed to work. One should surely think of the process as being to cancel out switch bounce only not to read another logic transition on the input pin if a switch is held closed for longer than the preset bounce time. In real world conditions it is very likely that someone would hold a button pressed for longer than the denounce time and that should not result in another ‘trigger’ unless additional code was added to monitor switch closure duration. So in my opinion the Pi should see only one interrupt condition regardless of the duration of operation. That said, if the button was susceptible to contact bounce on opening (which I doubt) that would be a different story. Regards Philip. Nick & Philip. When RPi.GPIO interrupts first came out there was no debounce. I blogged about it and wrote some Python debounce code that ignored further interrupts within the callback function for a set amount of time. Ben Croston then incorporated that idea into the next revision of RPi.GPIO. I’m not sure if it still works that way, but I think it probably does. If you are holding the button down for longer than the debounce period, it is conceivably possible that when you release the button it is bouncing again and triggering a false callback. Now it may be that in general debouncing code doesn’t work that way or isn’t supposed to work that way. But, in this case, it’s the only part of RPi.GPIO that I actually contributed (hence I know about it), so if it still works the way I did it, I think that may be the root cause of your issues if you are holding the button down longer than the debounce period. Alex Wellwhat can I say? As I saidI’m new to this. I spent a few months learning the Pyhon basics before starting on the GPIO. Never programmed before, though I do have some electronics knowledge. So this is my fault for ‘reading over’ from my electronics to ‘software’. In my ‘long ago’ time in electronics we fiddled with hardware to come out with a ‘debounce time’this was always the time from the first event detect until we considered the switch stabalized. So once we saw a (say) rising pulse, we accepted the 0 to 1 transition and ignored anything else for the ‘debounce time’. Likewise on ‘switch release’. (Hence switch spec sheets will give you a ‘debounce time’often stated, though rarely true, as. I’ve no idea how to solve your specific problem, but I’ll offer some general advice When you have problems in code like this, it’s always impossible to tell which part “isn’t working”, so it’s advisable to strip it “back to basics” and then gradually build it up again, which should allow you to work out where it’s going wrong. Go back to a simple program that just reads one PIR sensor, and prints some text on-screen when it detects motion. Once you’ve got that working properly, try getting it working with two sensors. Once you’ve got two sensors working properly, add your third sensor. When you’ve got all three sensors properly working and printing to the screen when they detect motion, _then_ start integrating your “ubidots” code. Hello I’m trying to set up a rain gauge for my raspberry pi weather station. I tried the script from: I’m not sure to have understood the script, I thought it would print lines only if an event is detected, but it keeps printing iles with 00 (it’s not raining right now), if I manually fill the bucket it prints right the amount of water. This is an example of the output:, 0.0050407, 0.0050412, 0.0050417, 0.0050422, 0.0050427, 0.000000 is it something I haven’t understood? Can it be fixed? Thanks in advance for your help! I had doubt regarding my final year project my project is energy monitoring in which a particular device status is been monitored if the device is on timer must be intiated and monitor for how much amount the device is switched on when device turned off timer should stop the monitoring later when device is been again switched on timer must start the count from where it left off suppose i get x time i will divide it by 3600 sec which gives me wattage of the active load any help is been apreciated. For your reply andrew let me clarify. My project is energy conservation and monitoring of various loads like tube lights, ac, refrigerator and so on. So if i consider a bulb connected as load for simplicity when i switch on the bulb using ac to dc circuit instant when the bulb is on i.e device is switched on 5v dc goes as input to gpio pin of raspberry pi so device status is been monitored and status of this is been displayed on the cloud. We can remotely acess the status. Till here my project is ready. My next phase of the project is to restrict the device from the time. Example if the bulb i want to restrict the consumption till 8 hours using timer here when the device is on timer start decrement the count as per usage when device is off decrementing of timer should pause again when device is been switched on timer should resume when timer reaches 0 a message must display on screen indicating device as crossed the limit. Hope i cleared concept. “device is switched on 5v dc goes as input to gpio pin of raspberry pi” The Raspberry Pi can only tolerate 3.3V on its gpio pins – 5V risks damaging the CPU. I guess a very simple way of doing an on-countdown-timer might be something like: (this is non-functional pseudocode) timer_length = 300 # i.e. I know this is an older article, but I cannot find the answer anywhere, please help. So, I can get the interrupts to work just fine. My question is, what if I want a 5 button device. The first four buttons each call a separate routine/function/callback. And I want an infinite loop to keep calling that routine until a different button is pushed. Then its to keep doing that routine until any other button is pushed, etc. And of course button 5 exits. SUDO: Routine A(). Routine D() interrupt1 = button 1 pressed: mode=1 interrupt2 = button 2 pressed mode=2 interrupt3 = button 3 pressed mode=3 interrupt4 = button 4 pressed mode=4 mode=1 while True: if mode 1 RoutineA() if mode 2 RoutineB() if mode 3 RoutineC() if mode 4 RoutineD() Am I thinking of this right??? Hello, nice set of articles I stumbled on this when trying to figure out how to solve a problem and these interrupts did it nicely, Thanks. I have a couple of questions that someone maybe able to answer for me please. In this line def my_callback(channel): what is the variable channel? And can it be used in an if then? For example have one callback for all interrupts but have if channel = 1 then elif channel = 2 etc How can the callback have a variable in it at definition but not accept one when it’s called? Ie in the line GPIO.add_event_detect(17, GPIO.FALLING, callback=my_callback, bouncetime=300) My_callback hasn’t got any variables associated and indeed if I try to add one like GPIO.add_event_detect(17, GPIO.FALLING, callback=my_callback(17), bouncetime=300) I’ll be scolded by the compiler.? Thanks for any insight. Yes, you do need the while loop, otherwise your script would just run to completion and then stop triggering callbacks once it got to the end (and “fell off the bottom”). However rather than doing: while True: pass it’s better to do: while True: time.sleep(1) as this then makes the CPU much less loaded. An alternative approach is to use The time.sleep(10) you’re using shouldn’t be necessary in any case. As to streamlining your code – it’s just crying out to use a list!;-) Create the list like: gpios = [4, 17, 27, 18, 24, 23, 22] and then you can do things like: for gpio_num in gpios: GPIO.setup(gpio, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_DOWN) With regards to why the callbacks are triggering twice – you’ll probably need to do more experimentation. Maybe your signals are ‘noisy’ and you’re getting interference? (especially if you’re using long wires). Hi Dani I think you will need a Analogue to Digital interface module for that, many I2c specification brands are available for direct mount on the Pi (HAT) e.g. AB Electronics, or Custard Pi mounted via ribbon cable. Depending on your requirements you can read the analogue value when required or poll on each cycle of reading your code at the other extreme (I use a digital temperature display so need a continuous readout). I don’t think that the use of interrupts is possible for basic AD converters as they are ‘dumb’ chips, you would need something (more expensive) with it’s own on board process running e.g. A connected Arduino or two Pi’s connected using digital i/o, although I don’t doubt that there are some very expensive AD chips around which would allow presetting of comparator registers at the digital interface and hence provide outputs for use as interrupts. Regards Philip. Hi, I am new to raspberry pi/ programming with interrupts. I am trying to interface 2 push buttons (I have LCD for dispaly). I looked up your sample code to write ISRs for my push buttons. However I need little more understanding of how interrupts work. My requirement is like below: If I push first button LCD should get ready to take the input from the user. (I am currently in ISR_1 at this time) when user inputs data he confirms the data by pressing the 2_nd push button. Here is my confusion. When I press the the 2nd push button (while running 1st ISR) does it jump to 2nd ISR, execute 2nd ISR and return and continue ISR1 further? Would it be possible to give more clarity on this? Thanks in advance KB. In this section, you will learn how to use the serial port of your Raspberry Pi. The serial port of Raspberry Pi is often used to access the shell. However, in some condition you just wanna use it to communicate with UART peripherals. You can disable shell and kernel messages on the serial connection via Raspberry Pi configuration tool: sudo raspi-config Select Advanced Options -> Serial -> to disable shell and kernel messages on the serial connection. Then edit the /boot/config.txt file and append: enable_uart=1.
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At the moment when i open a new word document it instantly starts my changed normal.dot, this is what i want for the other users set up on this laptop. Ive looked all over the internet on information on how to do this but can't seem to find anything helpful. All i seem to be finding is information on workgroup and global templates? Can anyone else advise. Thanks - Oli. Just out of curiosity. How many different users use your laptop? Note that the default template in Word 2007 is Normal.dotm, not Normal.dot. In Unicode, letters or ʻcharactersʼ should be typed in the order of their pronunciation in a word or syllable, regardless. Some OS X fonts do not help the user to type Khmer Unicode text by inserting dotted circles at all. Text typed in. A) Coeng-Ro () should never be permitted after vowels or symbols because itʼs position. Normal.dot template to be changed/reset to default. Cannot find (followed microsoft assistance to change the Normal template, but did not open 'Normal.dot'). 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Download Khmer OS fonts from the right side and you will enjoy and have fun with all the fonts style and types. • • Download Instruction PDF file: ( by Han So). (KhmerOS), (NIDA), and Open Institute joined to create a project for developing OpenSource software that can accommodate Khmer Unicode-based fonts. Khmer Unicode is a part of their project, but it has not yet widely utilized or built-in as part internet browsers or software applications. It is, however, gradually becoming popular among users/developers in Cambodia. Khmer Unicode has been developed to use in platforms such as: • OpenOffice (Word Processing), • OpenSUSE (Linux based Operation System), • Khmer Email Application (Thunderbird-based email application), • Mekhala (FireFox-based Internet Browser) Khmer Unicode For Window XP: For MS Window XP, Khmer Unicode Keyboard (NIDA 1.0) driver is required. KhmerUnicode2.0.0.exe (developed by KhmerOS and NIDA) has both Khmer Unicode software and Khmer Unicode Keyboard (NIDA 1.0). 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How to install Khmer Unicode ( KhmerUnicode2.0.0.exe) on Your Window XP and Vista 32-bit () • Download (version 2.0.0) • Use a Zip softwares to Extract the KhmerUnicode2.0.0.zip • Installation: • Double click on this KhmerUnicode2.0.0.exe icon • Click ' Next' as indicating by the arrow • Click 'Next' as indecating by the arrow • It may take minutes to wait. • Click 'Finish' • At the bottom-corner of your computer screen, you should see this image that allow you to select either CA: Catalan or EN:English (United States) for Writing (Typing). For writing in Khmer, you need to select CA:Catalan. Khmer Fonts Using If a computer system and/or software uses TrueType fonts, then Khek font as described below works perfectly. • Khek font is developed by, one of the earliest groups designing high quality Khmer fonts. Khek font was primarily made for use with Microsoft products running on Windows platform such as the various Windows versions from 3.x all the way to the current Vista. 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The album saw the band creating its own original sound, while still employing most of their speed/power metal techniques. The cover art and the two 'Bard's Songs' gave the band its nickname 'The Bards'. The use of the nickname has been also extended to the fans of the group, Circle of the Bards being the now defunct fan club and Hansi frequently calling the fans Bards. I Blind Guardian sono un gruppo musicale power metal tedesco, formatosi nel 1984 a Krefeld (Renania Settentrionale-Vestfalia). Sono considerati uno dei gruppi Power. 'The Piper's Calling' contains the first 3 parts of the 2/4 March, 'The 79th's Farewell to Gibraltar', written by Pipe Major John MacDonald of the. Part of this composition also appears as a section of the title track, this time played on a different type of bagpipe. The album was acclaimed by power metal fans all across Europe and especially Japan, allowing them to tour for the first time outside Germany. The tour in the Far East led to the band's first live album,. It was remastered and re-released on 15 June 2007, with bonus tracks. The album was again re-released and also remixed and remastered as part of boxset. Please read before posting! The Rest of December in Power Metal Other weekly posts: Monday: Saturday: Sunday: Blacklisted Bands: () • Blind Guardian • DragonForce • Rhapsody of Fire Dragons, Wizards, Power, Glory, Magic, Freedom; yup, it's all here. Subreddit Rules (Short Version): • No harassment/trolling/abuse of other users. • Do not spam. • No self-promotion, except under strict guidelines (see the full version of the rules before posting). • Song submissions should observe 'Artist - Song Title' format. • Keep content related to power metal. However, not everything must strictly be power metal itself. • Do not post links to torrents/pirated content. • Obey Reddit's rules. Following is advised. • Observe moderator warnings and instruction. • Do not submit playlists. 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Your post here has cleared up even more of it for me, so I thank you for that. Somewhat related - I really wonder what will happen to the LotR movie franchise after they finish The Hobbit. I know things change for the movies (sometimes for the best, sometimes for the worst), but I loved the LotR trilogy, and I'm also loving The Hobbit trilogy (even with the introduction of Legolas). I was actually talking to my boss a week or two ago about what they might do next, it would be INCREDIBLE to see a visual re-telling of the Silmarillion, and it would obviously allow more people to fully understand what Tolkien was trying to do with it. I've been told it's incredibly hard to understand, and you need to cross-reference pieces with other Tolkien books/journal entries It's not too difficult once you get past it's first section. After that, the most difficult thing about it is keeping track of all the names, which notes can help with. The other difficult thing about the work is that it's written in the style of mythological texts, and so it does not follow the modern conventions of what is seen as good writing. This can make it difficult for someone used to reading only recent works, but it's not too difficult if you're familiar with writings like the Eddas, the Bible, the Homeric epics, etc. I really wonder what will happen to the LotR movie franchise after they finish The Hobbit. Unless they go almost completely into the realm of fan-fiction (which has basically already happened with the 'Hobbit' films, so.), there's likely not to be any more films in the Jackson-verse. They only hold the rights to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and the Tolkien Estate won't sell the rights to anything else. It would be INCREDIBLE to see a visual re-telling of the Silmarillion Movie-wise, I would put this in the realm of impossibility. Even with a massive film series or TV series, The Silmarillion simply is not a work well suited for dramatic adaptation. In the areas important for drama, The Silmarillion is utterly lacking. That's fine, as it's a work which does not seek to be a drama. However, it means that to dramatize it would require such extensive creative license, that the work would be The Silmarillion in name only. As stated, a documentary-esque series could work, though I'm not sure how entertaining that would be for most people. I would love to see more stuff, though. Movie-wise, I would put this in the realm of impossibility. Even with a massive film series or TV series, The Silmarillion simply is not a work well suited for dramatic adaptation. In the areas important for drama, The Silmarillion is utterly lacking. That's fine, as it's a work which does not seek to be a drama. Point taken, but drama (and ownership issues) aside, I think it could definitely have success as a multipart movie. There's a story to tell, there are people who want to see it told, and the other movies prove that it can be successful. With all the hype surrounding the Hobbit, you don't think it would work? I think it would work like a charm. I imagine it would be costly though, so I have no clue how the 'risk vs. Reward' would be in making something like this. If not a movie, then a TV Series, as mentioned. I compare it to Game of Thrones - the books aren't hard to read, but I've heard some people say it's hard to keep track of everything that's going on (especially once you get past book 3, which I'm currently at). They turned it into one of the most successful TV series in the history of television. I'd estimate (conservatively) that maybe half the viewers have read the books and the other half haven't, and it's on a paid service (torrents aside). You put Tolkien's name on a series that tells the story of the beginnings of Middle-Earth, how Sauron became who we know him as, the rise of man and Isildur's life, put it on HBO and people would eat it up - even if they haven't read the book. I think such a project would work financially, so long as it was marketed half-decently. As a work of art, I don't think it would work. It would be like trying to adapt the Bible or the Eddas. There's too much content, some of which is only loosely connected to the rest of the material, and it lacks what good drama requires: in-depth characterization and extensive dialogue. This is what sets the work apart from something like A Song of Ice and Fire/Game of Thrones. It's not just the many names, it's the actual substance and nature of the text. I don't think Hollywood has been all that successful, artistically, in adapting The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. The former is a great action blockbuster series, but it's a fundamentally different work than what Tolkien wrote. The latter is a betrayal of Tolkien, and, in my opinion, a mediocre at best film series. Both of these works are much, much more suited for dramatization and adaptation than The Silmarillion, but the results are, in terms of faithfulness to the original story, mediocre at best. Especially in today's Hollywood environment, I just don't see even a remotely suitable adaptation of The Silmarillion happening. War of Wrath 01:50 (loading lyrics.) 2. Into the Storm 04:24 (loading lyrics.) 3. Lammoth 00:28 (loading lyrics.) 4. Nightfall 05:34 (loading lyrics.) 5. The Minstrel 00:32 (loading lyrics.) 6. The Curse of Feanor 05:41 (loading lyrics.) 7. Captured 00:26 (loading lyrics.) 8. Blood Tears 05:23 (loading lyrics.) 9. Mirror Mirror 05:06 (loading lyrics.) 10. Face the Truth 00:24 (loading lyrics.) 11. Noldor (Dead Winter Reigns) 06:51 (loading lyrics.) 12. Battle of Sudden Flame 00:43 (loading lyrics.) 13. Time Stands Still (At the Iron Hill) 04:53 (loading lyrics.) 14. The Dark Elf 00:23 (loading lyrics.) 15. Thorn 06:18 (loading lyrics.) 16. The Eldar 03:39 (loading lyrics.) 17. Nom the Wise 00:33 (loading lyrics.) 18. When Sorrow Sang 04:25 (loading lyrics.) 19. Out on the Water 00:44 (loading lyrics.) 20. The Steadfast 00:21 (loading lyrics.) 21. A Dark Passage 06:01 (loading lyrics.) 22. Final Chapter (Thus Ends.) 00:48 (loading lyrics.) 01:05:27. An acquired taste. 79% December 19th, 2016 A Magical Retelling of. 98% February 22nd, 2016 Much, much better than the. 88% May 15th, 2015 Solid but bloated and messy 82% June 14th, 2012 Their best, to this day 100% April 23rd, 2012 Some pieces of gold found. 57% January 24th, 2012 Nostalgia and power metal. 94% March 18th, 2011 Not traditional, but. 90% August 1st, 2010 Amazing Tunes That Could. 76% June 10th, 2010 I feel like screaming 98% January 12th, 2010 Why do you crept in and. 90% September 5th, 2008 Blind Not Deaf! 92% August 15th, 2008 Blind Guardian's best? 50% June 7th, 2008 When pompousness takes. 42% March 18th, 2008 Well played, yet lacking 65% October 11th, 2007 What Might Have Been 74% September 14th, 2007 A Pioneer Symphonic Power. 100% February 3rd, 2007 Un-fucking-believable! 92% November 14th, 2006 A Masterful Production 100% June 21st, 2005. Concept album, based on J.R.R Tolkien's 'The Silmarillion.' A video was made for (an edited version of) 'Mirror Mirror'. Released on tape by Virgin GmBH (40). The Japanese release by Victor Entertainment (VICP-60295) includes two bonus tracks: 23. Nightfall (Orchestral Version) (05:38)* 24. A Dark Passage (Instrumental Version) (06:05)** * The track does contain 'normal' band instruments so it's not a pure orchestral track. The biggest difference is, this version has less vocals. ** This version does have vocals, only less. The 2007 remaster includes a bonus track: 23. Harvest of Sorrow (03:40) Recording information: Recorded at Twilight Hall Studios, Krefeld, Karo Musik Studios, Breckel (HH, Germany) and Sweet Silence Studios (Copenhagen, Denmark), from September 1997 through March 1998, except Piano recorded at Vox Studios, HH, Germany in January 1998. Mixed at Sweet Silence Studios (Copenhagen, Denmark). Advanced Download Manager Apk Free Download Advanced Download Manager Crack Best and fast software for downloading media files like music, videos, audios, photos and documents from online. 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D and I sat in our mother’s two-bedroom in the Bronx, and I watched him unwrap the double-CD packaging (a feat in and of itself, seeing how Tupac was the only mainstream Hip-Hop artist to venture into the double-disc territory with “All Eyez on Me,” which was released a few months prior to Tupac’s unsolved murder), and listened―all the way through―with our added hood-side commentary (“yooo, rewind that back.lemme hear that again” and “He said what?!”) to what I still consider a masterpiece of modern art. This is before the days of LimeWire, Napster, and what would follow thereafter ― SoundCloud, iTunes, Spotify, Tidal and a bajillion other streaming music sites. Our only source of music information and purchasing at the time was the bootleg man (if you don’t know, ask me) on Fordham Rd., or Music Factory, Circuit City, HMV, and Tower Records. Yes, you had to purchase CDs! But for Biggie, we took no shorts; D went to Music Factory on the Fordham Rd., copped the cd, and came back to the crib, and we listened ― no different than families would do almost forty and fifty years prior, tuning into FDR or JFK on their radio stations. Biggie was giving us news, he was giving us the “Ten Crack Commandments,” he was giving us skits a la Prince Paul in the De La Soul days ― Jay Z offering up his thoughts on Mike Tyson and boxers pulling Pete Rose moves, R&B magic with a pre-peeing on underage girls Robert Kelly ― the full arsenal of artistic emcee prowess. On display with Life After Death was the full arsenal of what Biggie possessed: charisma, wittiness, a sharp and distinct flow and a powerful lyricism with remarkable story-telling. I used to be a rapper. Well, sort of; similar to the way Michael Jordan used to be a ballplayer, or Lebron used to have a hair line ― I still rap, but it’s not the same. However, that would be a different essay. This story is more important, because this story about Biggie, a giant among giants, both figuratively and literally, considering his 6’2 and 395-pound. To tell this story properly, I’ll have to start backwards. It’s me getting off the 2 train with my brother D. Or maybe I was by myself – details get hazy when looking back at things from the rearview mirror of life, I guess. D and I get off the train and walk a couple blocks and ring a doorbell to a private house, located somewhere in the Bronx. Buckwild opens the door. For those not in the know, Buckwild is the prolific producer of the famed Digging in the Crates crew (D.I.T.C.), home to Hip-Hop legends Big L, Fat Joe, Diamond D., Lord Finesse, Showbiz and AG. Going down the list of names of D.I.T.C reads like a discography of epic proportions. Buckwild and I were there to talk business―music business―but all I could do while sitting on his all-white plush seating sofa was stare at the plaques. The space was minimal, affording room for the records to breathe their breath over whomever hovered over them. But, there would be one record that I would never forget, with the frame nailed to the wall and paint attaching itself to its history: The Notorious B.I.G.’s Life After Death album. Certified platinum. Buckwild produced the now infamous I Got a Story to Tell. Buck would also claim ― flat out ― B.I.G. Never wrote his rhymes. “I Got a Story to Tell” was one of ― if not the ― greatest Hip-Hop stories never told, due to the sheer genius of its lyricism, wit, and wordplay; but the fanaticism involved in trying to find out which Knick player Biggie was referencing in the song? Anthony Mason. Suggests Biggie was talking about Anthony Mason on I Got a Story to Tell. The multiple backstories and innuendos on various tracks are a litany of Hip-Hop breadcrumbs: potential Tupac references in Long Kiss Goodnight, subliminal NaS disses on Kick in the Door, west coast affinity on Going Back to Cali, Biggie was spreading thought-starters across all twenty-four tracks. It’s hard to say now how a thirty-four year old me would respond to the album if it first dropped; if B.I.G. Had not died; if Angie Martinez did not cry relentlessly on our radio dials (when she was still the king of Hot 97) the day of B.I.G’s funeral; if the Daily News did not give the “King of NY” the front cover treatment; if Brooklyn did not shut down for the funeral procession; if Diddy had not danced in the white suit with Faith Evans and those kids―those beautiful kids―running the background; if we still didn’t have stills of a crying Lil’ Kim being held up by Mary J. 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When I choose paste special 'AutoCAD entities' I also see strange things a lot of the cells becomes green and the formulas becomes # When I have to modify the hole spreadsheet with a lot of columns and rows for much cells on a manual way than that is a lot of work. Is there someone with a solution for this question? Thanks in advance, Theo van Rossum [email protected]. • This package is for network administrators who want to deliver support for the latest Windows Media Audio and Video codecs for enterprise computers running Windows Media Player 7.1, Windows Media Player for Windows XP, Windows Media Player 9 Series, and Windows Media Player 10. Note: If you do not have Windows Media Player 9 Series or later installed and cannot play content by using the Windows Media Video 9 or Windows Media Audio 9 Voice codecs from a Player embedded in a Web page, consider downloading the codec installation package for Windows Media Player 6.4 as well. 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